Understanding Primary and Secondary Groups in Sociology

The study of social groups is the main focus of many sociologists because these groups illustrate how human behavior is shaped by group life and how group life is affected by individuals. The two groups on which social scientists mainly focus are primary and secondary groups, called primary because they are a persons primary source of relationships and socialization or secondary because they are of less importance but still significant to the individual. What Are Social Groups? Social groups  consist of two or more people who regularly interact and share a sense of unity and common identity. They see each other often and consider themselves as part of the group. Most people belong to many different types of social groups. They could include family, neighbors, or members of a sports team, a club, a church, a college class, or a workplace. What social scientists are interested in is how the members of these groups relate and interact. Early American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley introduced the concepts of primary and secondary groups in his 1909 book  Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. Cooley was interested in how people develop a sense of self and identity through their relationships and interactions with others. In his research, Cooley identified two levels of social organization  that are composed of two different kinds of social structure. What Are Primary Groups? Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal, and intimate relationships that last a long time, maybe a lifetime. These relationships are deeply personal and loaded with emotion. The members typically include family, childhood friends, romantic partners, and members of religious groups who have regular face-to-face or verbal interaction and a shared culture and frequently engage in activities together. The ties that bind the relationships in primary groups are made up of love, caring, concern, loyalty, and support. These relationships play important roles in the formation of individuals sense of self and identity because these people are influential in the development of values, norms, morals, beliefs, worldview, and everyday behaviors and practices of all members of the group. The relationships play important roles in the process of socialization that people experience as they age. What Are Secondary Groups? Secondary groups comprise relatively impersonal and temporary relationships that are goal- or task-oriented  and are often found in employment or educational settings. While the relationships within primary groups are intimate, personal, and enduring, the relationships within secondary groups are organized around narrow ranges of practical interests or goals without which these groups would not exist. Secondary groups are functional groups created to carry out a task or achieve a goal. Typically a person becomes a member of a secondary group voluntarily, out of shared interest with the others involved. Common examples include coworkers in an employment setting or students, teachers, and administrators in an educational setting. Such groups can be large or small, ranging from all the employees or students within an organization to the select few who work together on a project. Small secondary groups such as these often disband after completion of the task or project. A secondary group does not exercise a primary influence over its members because they do not live in the presence and thoughts of one another. The average member plays a passive role, and the warmth of the relationships in primary groups is missing Primary Groups vs. Secondary Groups An important distinction between secondary and primary groups is that the former often have an organized structure, formal rules, and an authority figure who oversees the rules, members, and the project or task in which the group is involved. Primary groups, on the other hand, are typically informally organized, and the rules are more likely to be implicit and transmitted through socialization. While it is useful to understand the distinctions between primary and secondary groups and the different kinds of relationships that characterize them, its also important to recognize that there can be overlap between the two. For example, an individual could meet a person in a secondary group who over time becomes a close, personal friend or a romantic partner who becomes a spouse. These people become part of the individuals primary group. Such an overlap can result in confusion or embarrassment for those involved, for instance, when a child enters a school where a parent is a teacher or administrator or when an intimate romantic relationship develops between coworkers. Key Takeaways Here is a nutshell description of social groups and the distinctions between primary and secondary social groups: Social groups  include two or more people who interact and share a sense of unity and common identity.Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal relationships that last a long time.Secondary groups include impersonal, temporary relationships that are goal-oriented.Secondary groups often have an organized structure, an authority figure who oversees the rules, while primary groups are typically informally organized.There often is an overlap between primary and secondary groups that arises, for example, if an individual forms a personal relationship with someone in a secondary group. Sources: https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-social-groups-primary-secondary-and-reference-groups.html http://www.sociologydiscussion.com/difference-between/differences-between-primary-social-group-and-secondary-social-group/2232 https://quizlet.com/93026820/sociology-chapter-1-flash-cards/

Analysis Of Angela Carter s The Bloody Chamber

Most of Angela Carter’s work revolves around democratic feminism and her representation of the patriarchal roles subjugated to women. (Evangelou, 2013) ‘The Bloody Chamber’ by Angela Carter suggests many substitutions to infamous depictions of femininity. Angela Carter manipulates old-fashioned fairy tales in order to subvert conformist gender roles like submissive wives and male dominance. (Makinen, 1992) While Carter receives commendation for her work, Patricia Duncker critiques her as well, for maintaining traditionally told tales that female relationships are doomed to rivalry and competition. Duncker basically analyses the story, ‘The Snow Child’ and then promptly states that Carter does not explore the masculine desire evident in the fairy tale and which, for the most part, forms this division between women, leading to their ‘destruction’. (Duncker, 1984: 75) This essay will discuss the cogency of Patricia Dunker’s statement as shown in the ENG3705 Tutorial Letter. My argument is in favour of this statement and a discussion will be engaged in hereunder, using ‘The Snow Child’ by Angela Carter as a reference point to substantiate it. In the subversive modification of one of the most common fairytales, The Snow Child, Angela Carter addresses many feminist issues whilst drawing inspiration from the story of Snow White (Aziz Mohammadi, 2015). I would suggest that this particular story from The Bloody Chamber is significant in Duncker’s argument based on the fact that sheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Angela Carter s The Bloody Chamber 1430 Words   |  6 Pagesnarrative concentrates its meaning. Sign and sense can fuse to an extent impossible to achieve among the multiplying ambiguities of an extended narrative.† – Angela Carter Angela Carter is known in the literary community for her use of fairytales and overt sexual imagery in promoting feminist platforms. At the time she wrote â€Å"The Bloody Chamber†, the Second Wave of Feminism and, subsequently, the rise of radical-libertarian feminism were crashing into the forefront of the global politics. This waveRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Bloody Chamber By Angela Carter1611 Words   |  7 PagesCarter Castrates Freud: Criticism in ‘The Bloody Chamber’ of Psychoanalytic Theory While Psychoanalysis has provided many psychological breakthroughs in the field of mental health, it has also created great issue in relation to gender equality. Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory has contributed to the solidification of female oppression, and to the inferior status of women in the twentieth century. Psychoanalysis had become so intwined into the constructs of a male dominated society that it createsRead MoreEssay on The Bloody Chamber by Angela Carter2054 Words   |  9 Pagesin Carter’s writing, particularly in her book ‘The Bloody Chamber’ which is commonly considered to be her masterwork, brimming with intertextualities and ambiguities. Some may find her work to be excessively violent or savage, perhaps even alienating. Yet others may have found this no-holds-barred approach to be exhilarating and refreshing in comparison to other authors of her time. In her re-writing of Perrault and Beaumont’s classic tales, Carter proposes a rea ding of several well-known stories withRead MoreFemale And Female Gender Roles3513 Words   |  15 Pagesdesires to be made eminent and therefore characters can transgress and in the process, cross their contemporary gender boundaries. Keats uses the gothic device of Negative capability in order to conceal the transgression of the females in his poetry, Carter revised gothic fairytales in order to display them from a feminist approach and Stoker uses gothic themes, set against the backdrop of the fluidity of Fin de sià ¨cle period, to allow characters to stray from their gender stereotypes. Victorian women

Contemporary Computing

Question: "Contemporary Computing could be seen as an assemblage" Discuss. Answer: Introduction The assignment is based on the concept of affordances which has been used as a contemporary theme for research on mobile learning and this shows how computational devices are used as forms of mobile learning systems and used as technologies for learning. The concept of affordances is used in the assignment or the research literature is critiqued and explored by the actor network theory which is used to position the categorisation of the discursive practices used to position the technologies in relation to the learning(Hanaki). The methodologies of using this procedure of mobile computing devices for the process of learning is being explored and the potential for any form of alternative research is also being considered. Mobile learning has received a multitude of theoretical as well as critical attention for empirical research. The mobile devices for computing are very sophisticated and pervasive for their potential in use of education. The definition of mobile learning should not be constrained only towards learning through mobiles but the focus has been shifted from device to human. Therefore a broader view has to be established that accounts for the student or learner which is more mobile and not on mobile technology which means the importance is given to the mobility of the learner. Methodology The main focus of this assignment would be to look for examples of initiative of mobile learning which would also be able to inform the development of the university programs in the medicine and health sector. The review of the literature that has been extracted for this assignment which uses several themes of methodology from where the discourse and the conclusions emerged like the widespread efficiency of the mobile computing devices(Kuriyama). The change in the meaning and the inaccuracy of the topic has led to further enquiries for the validation of the concept and to seek other form of processes that might cause problems for this non critical assumption. The presence of the term is not enough but the way it functions to support the concept of mobile learning. The investigation included the identification of recurrent patterns that were identified and the next step would be to sample it against the literature with a view of reducing the selection bias. The literature was chosen against a structure and based on criteria which had been undertaken in order to consider the suppositions. The two criterias were influence which has been indicated by the number of citations used in order to find out whether the enunciation of the concepts have been influential to the topic and other research fields the second was currency(Yasarcan). Complexity Of Technology The mobile devices in recent years have undergone huge changes and adoption in the present years and the research of the mobile learning processes too in the potential of their use in the formal education system. An analysis with respect to the actor network theory uses the allegory of the assorted networks explains that the agents , organisations and the machines are all the effects of generated in a form of patented network of not only simply human materials but a diverse range of materials. The principle of acting network theory states that the materials and the non-human elements of any form of network should be treated logically in the exact way as the human and social elements(Stiller). The intention behind the use of actor network theory is to clarify the number of networks that have grown and the analytical method to bring the process in light rather than to explain only the results. Different discourses have been used to describe the computer and the dependency on account of the computer technology. There are four dominant forms of treatises The boosters are the most dominant form of discourses that help to position the computers as a form of learning technology. The ant schoolers are a form of subgroup of the boosters where the computers are the dominant form of learning technology but credited In such form that the schools are credited to be less efficient form of learning centres and they dont have any role to play. The critical form of the discourses are lesser unified and represent a number of concerns and see the computers as politics just by another form of names. The main concern is with the equality, access and the potential for deliverance(Schuster). Doomsters are the subgroup of critical form of discourses and they have similarity to the anti-schoolers as they are of the view that the capacity of the computers can bring about a destructible change and are therefore completely opposed to the fact. The discourses are known to be the opposing forces and they are regarded as I direct reference to the opposing categories which can be challenged. The research asserts the affordances for knowledge as the concept of the affordance is used to position the device as technology for learning. Use Of The Actor Network Theory (Ant) To Tackle The Complexity The use of ANT has proven to be useful in order to capture the actors which are involved in the development of mobile learning technology for a number of reasons. The first thing is to focus on the actor networks as the fundamental building block for the development of the mobile learning technology(Kuriyama). The ANT looks at the relations between the actors and the complex social which comprises the entrepreneurial and the political activities as well as negotiations. It examines the manners in which the actors forms, strengthen and maintain the networks of the actors with the mobile learning technology and the process by which their aims and objectives will get interlocked while the process of alignment of the dynamic interests are carried on I the background. When the focus of the problems are on the evolution process of its construction and is opposed to being focused on the pre-defined or the elements which are fixed, the generation of the insights are developed keeping its con cern on the operation of mobile learning technology and they would shape up to be in addition to the attention it seeks for both anticipated and un anticipated consequences for its use in computer settings(KÃ…Â ¯rkov and Sanguineti). The ANT allows the investigations to ask such questions as how and why the mobile learning techniques come into play and how the other users and the actors ignore, conform, usurp and modify the interest of the computer designers. The ANT helps in the investigation of the fluidity of the reality of the mobile learning and the underlying the complex actor communications as they reveal(Najarian). The ANT helps in the facilitation of the formative assessments in order to study the mobile learning of the multiple certainties while they recognize the consequences of the co-existence of the realities in the actor networks while challenging expectedness of the out-dated cumulative of the outcome focused on the fundamental methods. The Issue Of Inclusion And Exclusion With the ANT everyone must thoroughly follow the actors in order to understand the form of the actor network consultations effect the shape of the technical artefacts. In practice snowballing can be used to identify the actors in the mobile learning which might decide what to include and what not to about the investigative works that is to be directed towards contextualising a particular mobile learning solution as the assemblage that the researchers which wish to chart. While following the actors one can be able to avoid the context or the specific actors(Yasarcan). The students in the present times are accessing the online courses from the mobile devices. The mobile learning has also helped in practice without the required institutional control of the devices or the context(Mckenna). A community that has been able to adopt the mobile devices within the craft brewing. This community consists professional brewers, hobbyists and some other on the higher education programmes. In the craft brewing community the mobile devices which have been willingly adopted and are referred being essential for the individual learning. Conclusion This assignment has been able to focus on the research findings which can act informally in order to position the mobile technologies for the use of learning. The uncritical use of the argumentative and the essential concept of affordance which has been used is very problematic in the way it is considered in the research. The classification of the framework of the groupings of the discourse like the boosters, anti-schoolers, critical and the doomster which are used as approach for the users are not used as neutral approach but as opposition or on competition with the other approaches so that the technologies can be positioned in different ways(Marin and Mohan). The assertion is challenged that the implementation and the research carried out for the concept of mobile learning has to be of primary concern due to the ubiquity and the occurrence of the devices. ANT has offered a process of intervention and has helped to unpack the assumptions which had been taken for granted priory and h as helped to consider the process of carrying out the research from a different perspective. References Filk, Thomas, and Albrecht von Mller. 'Evolutionary Learning Of Small Networks'.Complexity13.3 (2008): 43-54. Web. Hanaki, Nobuyuki. 'Action Learning Versus Strategy Learning'.Complexity9.5 (2004): 41-50. Web. Kuriyama, K. 'Sleep-Dependent Learning And Motor-Skill Complexity'.Learning Memory11.6 (2004): 705-713. Web. KÃ…Â ¯rkov, VĆºra, and Marcello Sanguineti. 'Learning With Generalization Capability By Kernel Methods Of Bounded Complexity'.Journal of Complexity21.3 (2005): 350-367. Web. Marin, Dylan, and Permanand Mohan. 'Personalisation In Mobile Learning'.IJMLO3.1 (2009): 25. Web. Mckenna, S. 'Learning Through Complexity'.Management Learning30.3 (1999): 301-320. Web. Najarian, Kayvan. 'On Learning Of Sigmoid Neural Networks'.Complexity6.4 (2001): 39-45. Web. Schuster, Peter. 'Generation Of Information And Complexity: Different Forms Of Learning And Innovation: A Simple Mechanism Of Learning'.Complexity10.4 (2005): 12-14. Web. Stiller, J. C. 'Adaptive Online Learning Of Generative Stochastic Models'.Complexity8.4 (2003): 95-101. Web. Yasarcan, Hakan. 'Improving Understanding, Learning, And Performances Of Novices In Dynamic Managerial Simulation Games'.Complexity(2009): NA-NA. Web.

Rationalism vs. Empiricism free essay sample

The thesis I defend in this essay is that knowledge can be of both positions. According to Rationalists (such as Descartes), all knowledge must come from the mind. Rationalism is concerned with absolute truths that are universal (such as logic and mathematics), which is one of the strengths of this position. Its weakness lies in the fact that it is difficult to apply rationalism to particulars (which are everywhere in our daily life! ) because it is of such an abstract nature. According to Empiricists, such as John Locke, all knowledge comes from direct sense experience. Lockes concept of knowledge comes from his belief that the mind is a blank slate or tabula rosa at birth, and our experiences are written upon the slate. Therefore, there are no innate experiences. The strength of the empiricist position is that it is best at explaining particulars, which we encounter on a daily basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Rationalism vs. Empiricism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The weakness of this position is that one cannot have direct experiences of general concepts, since we only experience particulars. Noticing that rationalism and empiricism have opposing strengths and weaknesses, Kant attempted to bring the best of both positions together. In doing so he came up with a whole new position, which I will soon explain. Kant claimed that there are 3 types of knowledge. The first type of knowledge he called a priori, which means prior to experience. This knowledge corresponds to rationalist thinking, in that it holds knowledge to be independent of experience. A priori knowledge is also necessary and universal, meaning it is true everywhere. Examples of a priori knowledge are concepts such as space, time, and substance. Analytic statements (in which the predicate is included in the definition of the subject) fall under this category as well, since they are always true. However, Kant says they are trivially true because analytic statements tell us what we already know. For example, the statement squares have four sides is analytic because it is true, but the fact that the square has four sides is obvious because it is included in the definition of a square, so it is trivial. Kant called the second type of knowledge a posteriori, which means after experience. A posteriori knowledge corresponds to empiricist philosophy, since this knowledge is contingent upon direct experience, which cannot be certain. A posteriori knowledge is associated with synthetic statements (where the predicate adds something to the subject), which give new information, but is not necessary. An example of an a posteriori statement is the sweater is green. Green is not an innate characteristic of sweaters, so a sweater of a different color is still a sweater. In other words, the characteristic Green is not necessary in order for the sweater to be considered a sweater. Kant thought that if one can come up with a statement that is both necessary and synthetic, it would not be trivial, yet it would still provide new information. So in combining the strengths of a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge (while leaving out the weaknesses), Kant came up with synthetic apriori statements. Kant used a mathematical example to elaborate on synthetic apriori statements. The statement 7 + 5 = 12 is a simple mathematical problem that might mislead people into believing that it is an analytical statement, since it deals with math (which is a rational, universal concept). One might assume that s/he knows the answer intuitively because s/he thought of the answer, 12, right away. But the number 12 does not exist within the 7 or the 5 alone. One must apply the concept of addition in order to reach the sum of twelve. Therefore, it is not analytical. It is much easier to see when adding much larger numbers, such as 8557 and 23372067. If this were analytical, I would be able to intuitively know the answer as easily as I came up with the answer 12 in the last problem. However, since the answer is not contained within the numbers being summed, this concept is synthetic and also gives new information. In conclusion, Kant recognized the strengths and weaknesses associated with each type of knowledge, and came up with a new type of knowledge that could rise above the weaknesses. In other words, knowledge doesnt have to choose sides, it can be of both positions.

The Origin Of Humanity Essay Example For Students

The Origin Of Humanity Essay We live on a planet believed to be 4.5 billion years of age with millions of people covering all parts of it. Where did they come from? Did the whole human population originate from one of people or were we placed here and then improved or changed by an intervention? I believe that humanity on planet earth was created by evolution. Both the creationist and interventionist theories seem to far fetched to be accountable theories for the creation of humanity on planet earth. There are a lot more questions that remain unanswered such as if spacemen put us on earth why didnt they bother to teach humans anything? And if the creationist theory were accurate why cant God control natural disasters on his planet? He is so clever to create everything known to mankind why doesnt he make the perfect world if he had that much control? There seems to be quite a bit more sustantial evidence on earth to support the theory of evolution. We will write a custom essay on The Origin Of Humanity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The evidence is holds up more because actual samples of fossils have been collected and scientifically tested using a method called carbon dating to determine the age of the fossils. Which can then be examined and placed along a timeline. The time periods show slight differences in bone structure showing what is hypothesized to be the human evolving. Evolving from what though? The theory of evolution states that creatures change overtime to suit their surroundings. This is called environmental adaptation. The more a creature can adapt to its environment the greater chance it has of living and show an increase in population called survival of the fittest. A theory developed by a scientist nammed Charles Darwin who had conducted extensive research into the environmental adaptions of animals, for example the adaptation of the galapagos turtles from short neck to long neck so they could reach their food. This theory helps to prove the theory that humans evolved from apes so they could increase their chances of survival. The creationist theory is mearly pen and paper whereas the evolutionary theory is actual living proof that humans did evolve from apes and why the environmental adaptations have made humans the dominant creatures on earth. by james phillips . The Origin Of Humanity Essay Example For Students The Origin Of Humanity Essay Word Count: 324 We live on a planet believed to be 4.5 billion years of age with millions of people covering all parts of it. Where did they come from? Did the whole human population originate from one of people or were we placed here and then improved or changed by an intervention? I believe that humanity on planet earth was created by evolution. Both the creationist and interventionist theories seem to far fetched to be accountable theories for the creation of humanity on planet earth. There are a lot more questions that remain unanswered such as if spacemen put us on earth why didnt they bother to teach humans anything? And if the creationist theory were accurate why cant God control natural disasters on his planet? He is so clever to create everything known to mankind why doesnt he make the perfect world if he had that much control? There seems to be quite a bit more sustantial evidence on earth to support the theory of evolution. We will write a custom essay on The Origin Of Humanity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The evidence is holds up more because actual samples of fossils have been collected and scientifically tested using a method called carbon dating to determine the age of the fossils. Which can then be examined and placed along a timeline. The time periods show slight differences in bone structure showing what is hypothesized to be the human evolving. Evolving from what though? The theory of evolution states that creatures change overtime to suit their surroundings. This is called environmental adaptation. The more a creature can adapt to its environment the greater chance it has of living and show an increase in population called survival of the fittest. A theory developed by a scientist nammed Charles Darwin who had conducted extensive research into the environmental adaptions of animals, for example the adaptation of the galapagos turtles from short neck to long neck so they could reach their food. This theory helps to prove the theory that humans evolved from apes so they could increase their chances of survival. The creationist theory is mearly pen and paper whereas the evolutionary theory is actual living proof that humans did evolve from apes and why the environmental adaptations have made humans the dominant creatures on earth. by james phillips . The Origin Of Humanity Essay Example For Students The Origin Of Humanity Essay We live on a planet believed to be 4.5 billion years of age with millions of people covering all parts of it. Where did they come from? Did the whole human population originate from one of people or were we placed here and then improved or changed by an intervention? I believe that humanity on planet earth was created by evolution. Both the creationist and interventionist theories seem to far fetched to be accountable theories for the creation of humanity on planet earth. There are a lot more questions that remain unanswered such as if spacemen put us on earth why didnt they bother to teach humans anything? And if the creationist theory were accurate why cant God control natural disasters on his planet? He is so clever to create everything known to mankind why doesnt he make the perfect world if he had that much control? We will write a custom essay on The Origin Of Humanity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There seems to be quite a bit more sustantial evidence on earth to support the theory of evolution. The evidence is holds up more because actual samples of fossils have been collected and scientifically tested using a method called carbon dating to determine the age of the fossils. Which can then be examined and placed along a timeline. The time periods show slight differences in bone structure showing what is hypothesized to be the human evolving. Evolving from what though? The theory of evolution states that creatures change overtime to suit their surroundings. This is called environmental adaptation. The more a creature can adapt to its environment the greater chance it has of living and show an increase in population called survival of the fittest. A theory developed by a scientist nammed Charles Darwin who had conducted extensive research into the environmental adaptions of animals, for example the adaptation of the galapagos turtles from short neck to long neck so they could reach their food. This theory helps to prove the theory that humans evolved from apes so they could increase their chances of survival. The creationist theory is mearly pen and paper whereas the evolutionary theory is actual living proof that humans did evolve from apes and why the environmental adaptations have made humans the dominant creatures on earth. . The Origin Of Humanity Essay Example For Students The Origin Of Humanity Essay We live on a planet believed to be 4.5 billion years of age with millions of people covering all parts of it. Where did they come from? Did the whole human population originate from one of people or were we placed here and then improved or changed by an intervention? I believe that humanity on planet earth was created by evolution. Both the creationist and interventionist theories seem to far fetched to be accountable theories for the creation of humanity on planet earth. There are a lot more questions that remain unanswered such as if spacemen put us on earth why didnt they bother to teach humans anything? And if the creationist theory were accurate why cant God control natural disasters on his planet? He is so clever to create everything known to mankind why doesnt he make the perfect world if he had that much control? There seems to be quite a bit more sustantial evidence on earth to support the theory of evolution. We will write a custom essay on The Origin Of Humanity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The evidence is holds up more because actual samples of fossils have been collected and scientifically tested using a method called carbon dating to determine the age of the fossils. Which can then be examined and placed along a timeline. The time periods show slight differences in bone structure showing what is hypothesized to be the human evolving. Evolving from what though? The theory of evolution states that creatures change overtime to suit their surroundings. This is called environmental adaptation. The more a creature can adapt to its environment the greater chance it has of living and show an increase in population called survival of the fittest. A theory developed by a scientist nammed Charles Darwin who had conducted extensive research into the environmental adaptions of animals, for example the adaptation of the galapagos turtles from short neck to long neck so they could reach their food. This theory helps to prove the theory that humans evolved from apes so they could increase their chances of survival. The creationist theory is mearly pen and paper whereas the evolutionary theory is actual living proof that humans did evolve from apes and why the environmental adaptations have made humans the dominant creatures on earth. by james phillips Science .

Compare and contrast the ways in which two poets present the themes of cultural displacement Essays

Compare and contrast the ways in which two poets present the themes of cultural displacement Essays Compare and contrast the ways in which two poets present the themes of cultural displacement Essay Compare and contrast the ways in which two poets present the themes of cultural displacement Essay In this essay I will be comparing two poems about cultural displacement and being torn between two cultures and how it has affected its writers. These two poems, Sujata Bhatts Search For My Tongue and Moniza Alvis Presents From My Aunts In Pakistan, are both about the feelings the poet experiences living in one culture whilst originally from another. Sujata Bhatt includes Gujarati in her poem along English for greater effect, as this shows her entrapment between the two cultures. Similarly, in Presents from My Aunt in Pakistan, Moniza Alvi shows her entrapment by giving vivid descriptions of traditional clothing against English clothes. These techniques help to give the reader a more in depth feeling of what each poet was feeling while living away from their original culture and also they show the difficulties involved in doing so.Moniza Alvis first stanza of the poem describes the clothes sent to her by her aunts; she lists and describes in great detail these clothes to her readers. The first things she lists are two salwar kameez outfits. This particular piece of clothing is specific to her Pakistani culture, however it may be unfamiliar to her English readers and this is where the effect is made, because she is showing what it is like not understanding things. On the other hand, by using these terms, she may be trying to get used to them, perhaps because she feels she is not yet familiar with them as she probably should be. This goes to say that, perhaps Moniza Alvi knows little about her Pakistani culture and feels she must know more; this may be due to self curiosity or pressure from her aunts who are always sending her Pakistani items.A salwar kameez consists of a tunic dress and trousers. Alvi beautifully describes them with a symbolic vocabulary. She describes one of them as a peacock-bluecolour and the other by using a simile which reads glistering like an orange split open. From this, we can see that both items are described us ing tropical colours, animals and fruits, all things which are not originally from the UK. This means that she feels they should not be here because they did not originate from the UK. Perhaps this means that she feels the same about herself, she feels as though she does not belong in Britain as she did not fully originate from here. However, it could mean that she wishes these things were not here because she has accommodated herself to the English ideals and culture and therefore the Pakistani items have little meaning in her life and are not necessary for her.Furthermore, it is made clear to the reader that Alvi tries to emphasise the description of the clothes because she is using free verse:They sent me a salwar kameezpeacock-blue,The free verse allows the lines to flow loosely on the page while emphasising on the important bits by giving their own line. We can see how peacock-blue, is written on its own line meaning that she wanted this to stand out from the rest. By structuri ng the poem in this way, it affects the way it is read out loud and therefore the emphasis can be made on whatever line necessary. Another example of this is:Itried to glimpse myselfin the miniatureglass circlesThe use of free verse here helps us to picture what the girl is doing because of the way it is written. This also shows the struggle she has to go through, symbolizing perhaps the struggle of being torn between the two cultures. The ellipsis after I makes a pause in reading, this exemplifying the struggle she is going through.Moniza Alvi shows struggle again when she goes on to describe the bangles which her aunts had sent her, she explains how they snapped, drew blood. This is sinister and ambiguous as bracelets cannot draw blood. This personification of the bracelets could have many meanings, for one, the comma used after the word snapped, pauses and delays the next set of words, again reminding us of her struggle. On the other hand, it could simply be that she wanted to pa use before stating something unexpected, perhaps that is what happened in her life, the sudden move to London might have been unexpected to her and in return she was hurting thus the drew blood.If the move to London had caused her pain, it could mean that she liked it better in Pakistan, and she did not like the fact that her life there was cut short. The reason I think her life was cut short in Pakistan is because this phrase is very short and powerful and to me, it symbolizes a short period of time, perhaps because of the use of the word snapped which is very simple and fast. However, the noun blood suggests violence and conflict which was perhaps the reason she had to leave and come to London.Without starting a new stanza, Alvi goes on to express her new thought which was a bout fashion. She states how fashion changes, here she is talking about fashion changes in Pakistan and compares it to how fashion changes in London. Perhaps she is trying to find all the similarities between her two cultures. Also, she could be trying to make Pakistan somewhat appealing to her so that she can fit in with the culture without having to force herself.Also, the confused poem structure as she jumps from one subject to another could mean that she is lost in thought, that she has so much on her mind and she is trying to make sense of it all. This could be due to the fact that she is being torn between her two cultures. Also, as there are so many things she wants to take time to think about, she feels the need to jump from one to another without great pause in order to be able to express everything.In the second stanza, the free verse continues to flow as she gives a description of how she tries on the Pakistani clothes. We can see the effect living away from the Pakistani culture has had on her as she explain she feels alien in these new Pakistani garments. In additions to this, she states that she longed // for denim and corduroy which shows the conflict between the two cultu res. She feels she has to wear the Pakistani clothes because they are part of her culture; however she does not feel comfortable wearing them, she feels alien and would rather wear her English clothes. The frustration is showed again through the stanza structure; the frustration that she has no natural closeness to her Pakistani clothes is visible.By separating longed from for denim and corduroy, giving them their own separate lines, the pause between them makes the reader think that she is ashamed of saying what she really wanted because she feels pressured to like these Pakistani clothes. Also, by longing for the two pieces of clothes which were English, she is showing her closeness to her English side of her rather than the Pakistani side. Furthermore, she shows she feels inferior to the Pakistani culture as she states I could never be as lovely as those clothes.This shows that her self confidence was perhaps shattered because so many people were asking her to be more Pakistani w hen she was truly more attached to her English side. This made her feel inferior and trying to find excuses as to why she did not belong to the Pakistani community. If her self confidence was boosted, she could wear both her cultures clothes proudly without any problem. Also, her non-belonging feelings could also be linked to the fact that she felt unwanted in the community because she was half English and half Pakistani. This is shown when she states that she is half English unlike Aunt Jamila.Perhaps her Pakistani side of the family was making her feel responsible about not being fully Pakistani which would explain her wish to belong to their community more. She feels unwanted and confused as to where she should belong more. This also makes her confused about whether or not she should feel happy in her English clothes, as her aunts are sending her all these Pakistani clothes. She feels pressured to belong to one culture more than the other as she feels she cannot please both at th e same time. She cannot see the two cultures merging as she has polarized more to the English.Her confusion about her culture continues to be displayed throughout the course of the poem, the random memories show her displacement and her contradictory phrases show again her confusion. An example of her contradictions is when she claims she longs for denim and corduroy which implies that she wants to belong to the English community. However, she then says I wanted my parents camel skin lamp. A camel skin lamp is specific to the Pakistani lamp, which implies she would like to be part of the Pakistani culture. Despite this, her contradiction could simply mean that she wants to belong to both cultures equally because she wants some things from the English culture and others from the Pakistani culture. However, it could be argued that she cannot have both the cultures at the same time, thus proving that she is confused and torn between her two cultures.Furthermore, she goes on to criticis e the Pakistani culture by saying that in the making of the camel skin lamp major cruelty took place. This could suggest that she thinks Pakistan is a cruel country and it could also symbolise her pain when she was taken away from Pakistan.In stanza four, Moniza Alvi mentions her mother and her love for the jewellery she owned. She tells the story of how they got stolen from her car. This symbolises culture being stolen from her. She says the jewellery was Indian gold, dangling, filigree. These adjectives changed the mood up to the point when she mentions them being stolen. The adjectives used to describe the jewellery are very significant. For example, filigree means very fragile which could mean that is how her cultures are as well, they could easily be taken from her as the jewellery were taken away from her mother. Also, the fact that they belong to her mother and not to her could also symbolise that, like the jewellery, she has no control over it because it does not fully belon g to her. It was stolen from her when she was taken away from Pakistan just like her mothers jewellery. Furthermore, the fact that it was stolen from Britain could suggest that British culture has stolen her original identity as a Pakistani.Again, she skips from one thought to another now to say that her aunts requested cardigans from Marks and Spencers. This confuses the poet further because she does not understand why they could possibly want English clothing when they had such beautiful things in Pakistan. It was almost as though they want something different from what they already own and should cherish, which is exactly what Moniza Alvi wanted. Perhaps she does not yet understand that having both cultures within her is not all that bad. She does not have to choose between the two cultures, she could make the most out of both of them equally. Her aunts in Pakistans want for the MS cardigans could be interpreted as a reflection of her own wants, perhaps her want of something othe r than the confusion she had live through. She wants something different, just like her aunts in Pakistan wished for the English cardigans.Alvi showed her school friend the clothes she received from her aunts and she tells us that they didnt impress my school friend // who sat on my bed, asked to see // my weekend clothes. This could be the source of confusion about which culture she should belong more fully to. Reason being, her English friends are more interested in her English clothes making her want to push her Pakistani culture aside. On the other hand, her Pakistani family is more interested in her Pakistani side, making her question her English half. In addition, the fact that she feels pressured by her English friends to carry herself in an English manner, could explain her distance towards her Pakistani culture, because if she accepted and wore herself in a Pakistani manner, she would not be as easily accepted in society in London.Her cultural displacement is also shown whe n she states no fixed nationality. She drops this line into the poem, along with the descriptions of beggars and street sweepers. This means that her lack of fixed nationality, for her, means that she is on the same level as street sweepers and all the lower class people in society. This shows her torment and confusion. Also, she shows that she would rather have a fixed nationality rather than having two cultures within her, where she feels like she has to choose between them.The cultural displacement however, is shown differently in Search for my Tongue by Sujata Bhatt. Sujata Bhatt implies that she went to the USA when she was older as she states she is forgetting her mother tongue. This implies that she has used it most of her life, and it is now being taken over by the new language she has to speak, English. Sujata Bhatt was fully Indian and therefore her poem shows no confusion towards her culture and the English culture, her poem shows the distress and confusion towards the tw o languages now forcing each other to back out.The structure of Sujata Bhatts poem is in many ways different from Moniza Alvis poem. Bhatt has a clear, less confusing structure, it barely contains any enjambment which shows that perhaps her confusion is not as major. Her poem is carefully planned out into three sections in which at first she is afraid she may lose her mother tongue. Her fear and anger are shown through her use of punctuation. She uses a lot of commas, which slow down the pace of the poem. Perhaps by doing this she was trying to show that she is mourning her mother tongue which she is afraid is losing. Also, her anger is shown through the negative language she uses and the repetition of the word rot.Repeating this aggressive word has a major effect on how the message of the poem is presented. This noun is carefully used to point out her anger for losing her mother tongue and it also forces the audience to make a vivid picture of what is going on. This is different fr om Presents From My Aunts In Pakistan, in terms of both the structure and the language. Sujata Bhatt shows her anger through her careful use of words and shows her sadness for the loss of her mother tongue through the use of commas to slow down the poem. Furthermore, the second section of her poem is in another language. She had written this part of the poem in Gujarati, her mother tongue; this has a major effect on the poem is received as the contrast between the two languages shows her entrapment between the two languages.However, this also shows that even though her mother tongue is forgotten through the day, as it is not being used, it blossoms in the night showing that it is still there and proving its existence. This also shows her assurance that she still has the most important thing of her Indian culture within her. The inclusion of the foreign language in this English poem is very mysterious, and perhaps, apart from wanting to show that she had not forgotten her mother tong ue, Bhatt wants to show her audience what it really feels like not being able to understand another language.This in some ways relates to Moniza Alvis poem, because in her poem, she had used Pakistani terms for certain Pakistani pieces of clothing, these terms were not familiar to the reader. Perhaps they both used these unfamiliar ways to describe their culture in order to show just a fraction of their cultural displacement. Also, the structure in Alvis poem is very different, the poem is very confusing and uses many run on lines to further emphasise the confusion felt by the poet. Furthermore, in the third section of the poem, Sujata Bhatt translates for us what the Gujarati meant.The atmosphere of the poem changes here, from aggressive and gloomy to much more lively and triumphant. We can tell she feels triumphant as the commas which were used to slow down the pace are now used to slow down her excitement. The language also changes from being negative to being somewhat very posit ive. She uses words like blossoms and describes how her mother tongue now grows strong veins and is powerful enough to push the other tongue aside. This excites the reader as the pace is much quicker and lively compared to the first part of the poem.This is fairly different from Moniza Alvis poem which kept relatively the same mood throughout the poem. Perhaps the reason Sujata Bhatt has chosen to change the atmosphere in this way was to make a clear comparison between how she was feeling when she thought she had lost her mother tongue and how she feels now that it is coming back to her. Also, Moniza Alvi perhaps had no reason to show something like this, instead she used run on lines and random memories to represent her confusion about cultures something that Sujata Bhatt had chosen not to do. Sujata Bhatts poem is much more organized.The language used in both poems is similar yet different in some areas. They both create imagery through the use of their language and other techniqu es. Sujata Bhatt uses an extended metaphor throughout her poem by repeatedly referring to her tongue as a plant. This is shown when she describes her tongue as it would rot // rot and die. The reason this is compared to a flower is because flowers die and rot in places that are not appealing to them. This shows Sujatas strain in the new country, her strain to speak a new language. However it also shows the plant imagery she is creating. She goes on describing her tongue as it grows strong veins.Again this shows the plant metaphor, and the fact that this is towards the end of the poem shows that the metaphor was kept even after her mother tongue had made its return; this then supports the fact that the poem contains an extended metaphor. In comparison to this, Moniza Alvi creates imagery firstly through the structure of her poem, because she has random memories the way the poem is structured forces the audience to picture what they are reading. Also, unlike Sujata Bhatts poem, Presen ts From My Aunts In Pakistan contains a lot of imagery which compares her two cultures.And where she describes her Pakistani culture in a very elaborate way, she explains the English using dull, plain words with no emphasis. This is somewhat similar to Sujata Bhatts culture comparison as she made her Indian culture stand out by including some of her own language in the poem, she is making the foreign language stand out to English audience, making it very mysterious and therefore interesting. Also, Sujata Bhatts use of colloquial language is very sinister as she ends with more elaborate and triumphant vocabulary. This colloquial language is exemplified by lost my tongue.This, in colloquial language means tongue tied and she might be saying this to display her cultural displacement and what it feels like. Perhaps she has no voice within her new society just like Moniza Alvi felt she did not belong in the English society, Sujata Bhatt may be feeling excluded with no voice. In addition to this, the ending to these poems show very different attitudes to their supposedly lost cultures. Sujata Bhatt ends her poem triumphantly by saying it blossoms out of my mouth. This last line of the poem shows how her cultural displacement has been settled and she is now reassured that her Indian culture will always be with her no matter what. Also the use of the word blossoms gives the poem a more positive and joyful feel and ending.Perhaps Sujata has done this to show how much her culture means to her and how she feels when she is in control of it. In comparison to this, Moniza Alvis poem last few lines include the phrase no fixed nationality and this shows that her ending is not a happy ending as she is still feeling confused. However the last reference about cultures she made at the end of the poem is about the Pakistani culture which perhaps shows that she would love to be much more attracted to it, and she misses being a part of it.In conclusion, both these poems show their cultural displacement through various techniques such as the language used for effect, the structure to express feelings better and even the tone of the poems. The change in tone in both poems was very significant, where on one hand Bhatt went from a mournful mood to a triumphant and glorious feeling, on the other hand, Moniza Alvi showed her confusion through her constant change of tone and atmosphere. Both poems have a unique way of showing their pain living away from one of their culture. They both however, sent the same message out, that you can never be entirely happy without your original culture, or without both your cultures involved in your life.Bhatts poem shows her triumph in recovering her culture which assured her that no matter what, it will always stay with her. Alvi on the other hand, is still confused as to what nationality she belongs to best, although she should recognize that she belongs to both equally, she is still torn between the two and her pain is reflected in the lines of her poem. In addition, the pressure to belong more to one culture than the other gets higher as her aunts are somewhat pushing her to belong more to the Pakistani culture. However, the structure shows that her confusion is more due to the Pakistani culture, as her random thoughts are mostly about her life in Pakistan.The imagery is also very powerful in both poems as they both show what is more vivid and what stands out more to them through various techniques.

Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. Loan Package Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. Loan Package - Essay Example Tootsie Roll Industries has a great pool of working capitol. In many cases companies can borrow money cheaper than spending their working capitol. As an example if the 10% increase in liabilities for Tootsie Rolls Industries costs them less in interest than the money will generate in revenue, then the investment is well worth the increase. On the other hand, if the increase in revenue generated is projected to be less than the 10% increase in liabilities than Tootsie Roll Industries would be better served looking for other funding sources. The following proposal justifies the loan for expansion inside our Tootsie Roll Industries and increase total liabilities by 10%. We are expanding our current Tootsie Roll candies by creating a â€Å"mini† Tootsie Roll with a dark chocolate center. Product studies show that this new product is very popular among test sites. By re-directing a portion of our high volume sales to major distributors whose sales have remained on par or below average per quarter since 2010, we can increase total revenue and re-branding of our Tootsie Roll products. The candy industry market is saturated and very competitive. Large end competitors produce high volume candies and distribute to wholesale distributors for average profit. Our goal is to target the customers who also purchase the wildly popular Tootsie Roll product by adding a new dimension and re-energizing our existing customer base and introducing new customers with this product line. The loan provides the additional revenue required to produce the new product at low costs and distributed to targeted distributors for sale. By creating a new product and re-energizing our existing customer base, we will grow our brand while delivering high quality candies. The change in strategy increases revenue, generates more tax dollars, and expands the Tootsie Roll brand into the next century. As noted the loan will be implemented for

Sir Alex Ferguson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sir Alex Ferguson - Essay Example The father’s glorious success both as a player and as a manager was mainly built on hard work and patience since his early years in the field. With the age of sixteen, Ferguson started his career as a player at Stranraer Club in 1956 and for three years. After that and over the following years he joined many other clubs including St Johnstone, Dunfermline Athletic, Rangers, and finally Falkirk, Ayr United in 1969 just to become a manager in 1974. East Stirling was really the starting point for Sir Alex Ferguson from which he moved from one place to another trying to reveal his managerial skills. A few years later, Ferguson got his life chance to be the manager of Aberdeen where he stayed for eight years and won many matches on top of which are three league championships and four Scottish Cups. For years Ferguson demonstrated his brilliant managerial strategies leading the team from one victory to another. Sir Alex Ferguson’s years of experience led him to a bigger experience; in 1986 he was appointed as the manager at Manchester United. The early years of being a manager for such a big team were really difficult. Four years later he was able to win over Crystal Palace in the FA Cup Final replay; this game was the start of unprecedented success for years to come. It is true that Ferguson’s managing history with Manchester United is considered the longest in sports history (Kelly 1997) which definitely added to his rich resume. A list of his achievements will definitely include that he was entitled the Manager of the Year more than anyone else in the British football history. In 2008, Sir Alex Ferguson became the third manager in England who wins the European Cup more than once. In 1999, Sir Ferguson was knighted for his services in the football field. Sir Alex Ferguson has won around 46 trophies as a manager, which vividly makes him the best manager in the history of

Information Technology as an Element of Competitive Advantage Essay

Information Technology as an Element of Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Logistics management is an integrating function that coordinates the entire activities in logistics, together with logistic activities related to other functions such as marketing, finance, sales manufacturing and information technology (Long 2003, p.12). There are a number of components in logistics management, since it covers the entire business supply chain. Transportation logistics is one of the most discussed parts in these supply chain management. How a firm moves its goods from a certain location to a different one can have a monumental impact on the general performance (Long 2003, p.10. In a number of cases, this sector of the supply chain becomes given to a third party that deals in the transportation. This enables a business to manage all the seasonal and market demand changes, reducing the desire to hire and fire workers based on the business cycles. Nevertheless, transportation is just but a piece of logistics. There exist sectors in supply chain that get governed by this logistic management. These are; warehousing, supply, order fulfillment, transportation and also customer service (Long 2003, p.11). Supply Supply majors with the capability of securing goods or even raw materials that will later get sold to the consumer as finished goods. Running an appropriate supply requires considerable forecasting in demand, and the sound understanding of the minimum requirements in production to turn to profits (Long 2003, p.10). All the buyers based in the purchasing department, are solely responsible for getting the necessary raw material or goods, for the best available price and having the products in their possession when needed. Firms should have knowledge of the trends in the market to predict the supply that people will need, and to use this information to manage raw materials for the production of goods in order to meet the high demand. Manufacturers find this sector of the supply chain a little complex (Long 2003, p.11). They can employ a few vendors to make sure they will always locate all the raw materials the firm requires. They should always be aware of the lag times for these raw materials to reach their base. If any raw material takes three months to arrive from the date of purchase or order, the business should have not less than a three month supply on hand (Long 2003, p.14). The suppliers should be at all times monitored and counted. Transportation The transportation logistics does not only apply to the acquisition of raw materials and goods to the warehouse, but to supply all the retail locations (Long 2003, p.15). In other instances, the sales force moves with the goods at hand in a way to different retail stores, as with beverages and snacks. In a number of instances, leading retailers get shipments of goods from these warehouses. Where the movement of goods takes freight through country borders or state lines, management in logistics should address compliance with the set regulations whether local, federal and even international. Vehicles that get registered improperly or failure to reach the Transportation Department regulations can totally spoil a firm’s ability to transport goods when required (Long 2003, p.16). Such delays lead to additional costs as other third parties must become hired to take the goods where they should be on time. This is also a reason as to why a number of

An Examination Of The French Government System Politics Essay

An Examination Of The French Government System Politics Essay The France government is a semi presidential system which follows the fifth republic of the French constitution. The France declares them as the secular, social, individual and democratic republic. The government of France divides into a legislative, a judicial branch and an executive. The prime minister shares the executive powers with the president. Parliament consists of the Senate and the national assembly. It passes vote and statutes on the budget and it also controls the works of the executive through questioning in the parliament house and by organizing enquiry commission. The members of the constitutional council are appointed by the president of national assembly, the president of the senate and the president of the republic. The judiciary system of the France is based on the civil law system which was evolved from Napoleonic codes. The judiciary system is divided into the administrative code and the judicial branch. They have their own supreme court of appeal like Conseil d à ©tat for the administrative purpose and Court of Cassation for judicial purpose. The French government also has various bodies to check whether the powers are abused by anyone or not. France was also the founding member of the European Union. (introduction) History France was one of an earliest country which changes from feudalism to nation state. The monarchs of the France were surrounded with the capable ministers. French armies were the most disciplined, professional and innovative of their day. The dominant power in Europe was France during the power of Louis XIV from year 1643 to 1715. In the 18th century, the Louis government faced financial problem due to the military campaigns and overly ambitious projects. The main causes of French revolution during the year 1789 to 1794 were resentment against the political system and deteriorate economic conditions. Although the revolutionaries follow egalitarian and republican principles of government but the French government reverted to form constitutional monarchy about four times. The four monarchial governments were the restoration of Louis XVIII, the empire of Napoleon, the second Empire of napoleon III and the reign of Louis Philippe. The third republic was formed after the Prussian Franco wa r in 1870 and lasted till the defeat of the military in year 1940. During the World War I the great loss of material and troops occurred. France government formed the huge border defenses known as the Maginot Line and alliances to defeat the German strength in the year 1920. Although France was defeated early in the world war III then also they gain the power again in June 1940. In July 1940 France was divided into two sections. One section was ruled by Germens and another was controlled by the Vichy France. But in year 1942, the Italian and German force conquered the France including Vichy region also and formed the allied forces. In 1944, Allied force liberated France after four year of occupation and services. After the world war II France faces new problems. Initially the provisional government was led by Gen. Charles de Gaulle but after the short period of time the fourth republic was formed by the new constitution. It was parliamentary form of government which was controlled b y series of coalitions. The lack of agreement between the French military and the members of the constitution was the main cause of the change of the government. On May 13, 1958 finally the government structure collapsed due to the tremendous pressure which was generated by the four years war with Algeria. In June 1958, fifth republic was formed and General de Gaulle became the prime minister and in December of the same year he was elected as a president. After the seven year in the 20th century, the people of France for the first time got the liberty to elect their president through ballot system. De Gaulle won the election after defeating Francois Mitterrand with 55% share of vote. After elected as a president of the country De Gaulle conducted a referendum which was concern on the creation of twenty one with the less political powers. But this proposal was rejected by the members of the government after that he resigned from his post. After him, Gaullist Georges Pompidou was elec ted as president for year 1969 to 1974 then Valery Giscard dEstaing for year 1974 to 1981. After that Francois Mitterrand was elected for year 1981 to 1995 and then neo-Gaullist Jacques Chirac for year 1995 to 2007. Nicolas Sarkozy was elected in May 2007 as sixth president of France under the fifth republican. It remarks as increasing of social and economic reforms. During the five year term of Sarkozy, he faced tremendous pressure to improve the economy, employment rate and reduce the sizable budget deficit of the government. He has also reintegrated the north Atlantic treaty organization with France. (history of france government) Governmental Structure In year 1958, public referendum approved the constitution of the fifth republic. According to this constitution the president was elected for the seven year term but in 2002 the presidential period of work got reduced to five years. In year 2008, the new constitutional reform was passed again which limits the presidential period to two consecutive terms. The next legislative and presidential elections are scheduled in year 2012. The executive branch of France is consisting of the prime minister, the president, the bureaucracies of many ministries and the government. The president has the right to elect the prime minister, rules over the cabinet and gives the instruction to the armed forces. The president also has right to submit the question to the referendum. At the time of emergency the president has rule by decree and dictatorial powers but with permission of the parliament. The head of the government is prime minister and his cabinet is composed of minister delegates, secretaries of state and number of ministers. Under the fifth republic, president leaves the day to day policy decision to the prime minister and its government. Every year the members of parliament meet once for the nine month session. Under the special situation the president has special right to call the additional session. Even the legislative branch has few executive powers then also the national assembly has power to remove the existing government if the votes of the members are in majority. The parliament of France consists of a Senate and a National Assembly. The principle legislative body of France is national assembly. The members of national assembly are elected for the five year through voting. The Electoral College has the right to choose the senators. In 2003 a new rule is passed the senators will serve for six years but one half of the members will be renewed after three years. The legislative powers of the senators are limited as compared to the national assembly. Initially the government has power to solve the agenda of parliament but after the constitutional reform which was passed in 2008 parliament got the right to solve their own agenda. In July 2008, a new constitutional reform was passed which limited the process to one bill in each session, finance on the social security and to the vote for the national budget. Impact assessment is necessary from the September 2009, for all the draft laws which is going to the parliament and the council state. The best feature of the judicial system of the French is that the council of state protects the basic rights when it is violated by the action of the state and constitutional council protects the basic laws when it is violated by the new laws. The function of the constitutional council is different from the council of state and they provide the justice to the citizens who have claimed against the administration. There are various ordinary courts such as the criminal courts, the police courts, the industrial courts and the commercial courts which settle the disputes which arise between the citizens and also between the corporation and the citizens. The cases which were judged by the ordinary court can be reviewed by the court of appeals. Political system On May 16, 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy joined the office under the Fifth republic as the sixth president. On April 22, 2007 during the first round of election, Nicolas Sarkozy placed first, the head of the Union for popular movement party. The Segolene Royal, the candidate of socialist, placed second. Francois Bayrou of centrist placed third and Jean Marie Le pen of extremist was placed fourth. In the second round of the election on May 6, 2007, Sarkozy defeated Segolene Royal by 53.06%. The defeat of Royal in the presidential election was the third largest defeat of the any Socialist candidate. The focal point of the campaign of the Sarkozys party was to implement the various reform like economic and market oriented reforms. After electing as the president he first gave the green signal to implement these reforms and worked on the European Union treaty which was rejected in the year 2005. The voters of France also show their desire to renew the France and United state relationship. The pre sident Sarkozy basically concentrate on improving the performance of the economy of France through labor market liberalization, taxes and higher education. During the legislative elections which was held on July 10, 2007, the UMP won by the large majority. This gives them an advantage during the European Parliament election in year 2007. They won by 27.88% from the Socialists. During the first year of service, Sarkozy removed the income taxes on the overtime works and increase the pension period of the retirees. (political system) Conclusion The France government follows the semi presidential system. The French government divides into the three parts. One is legislative, other is executive and last one is judicial. The France president has degree of the executive powers. The prime minister which is appointed by the president has highest number of executive powers. Then we studied the history of the France government before the World War II and the till now. Then we discuss the governmental structure of the France government. It is consist of the prime minister, president and the Member of Parliament. The parliament of France consists of the national assembly and the senate. The member of the national assembly was elected for the five years and the member of senate was elected for the six years. The judiciary system of France consists of the various local and the supreme courts which solve various types of problems at each level. Then the political structure of France government is discussed. The political structure of Fr ance consists of various political parties like UMP, extremists, socialist etc.

Cost and Value of Providing Domestic Partner Benefits Essay

Employers worldwide are beginning to embrace the idea of a domestic partner employee by reorganizing their benefit packages to include coverage for domestic partners in order to stay competitive and retain current employees. Most often these benefits are an extension of the same ones offered to married employees. The only difference being that a marriage is not a requirement. Many are confused by what exactly a domestic partner is and readily assume it refers to an individual that is part of a same-sex relationship. When, in fact, it can refer to a variety of situations in which two people commit to and build a life together. Just as married couples do, they usually share bank accounts, financial obligations, home, meals, and a host of other things with one another. A domestic partner is defined as, â€Å"a person you live with and have sexual relations with, but are not married to† (Merriam-Webster.com, 2014). It was in 1986 that the living arrangements of a domestic partner were first described as two persons sharing a family household but are not joined in a traditional marriage, common-law marriage, or civil union. The rising cost of seeking medical attention is making it nearly impossible these days to live without insurance coverage. Not recognizing our employees that are in unmarried opposite and same sex relationships is creating unnecessary financial hardships and stress. Changing the current benefit plan to include domestic partners will create a happier more committed employee for the business. Happy employees are more productive and aid the bottom line. It is important to note, that if something should happen to an employee or their significant other that medical attention is easily and readily available; allowing the employee to return to work sooner. As an employer, we have a moral obligation to respond to the needs of our employees. We can start by allowing them to define in their own terms what a family is to them. Background MCJAR, Inc. has suffered due to the loss of three of their high ranking positions resigning. The reasoning behind their resignation was due to lack of benefits being offered to their domestic partners. As in all positions  the human resources person, Keri Miller, has posted the open position with much success. She had found three successful candidates to fill the positions with high qualifications, but all three had turned down the job once they learned about the lack of benefits being offered to those in domestic partnerships. Once finding out the candidates had turned down the positions, Ms. Miller had created a survey to give out to all employees to complete and turn in. The survey asked about how they felt about the current benefit package being offered to all employees at MCJAR, Inc. The results of the survey showed that those that were in a domestic relationship were unhappy of the benefits. That those in domestic partnerships are currently looking for work elsewhere because they feel they are not being treated fairly. Ms. Miller is understanding of the restriction on the benefits being offered due to the budget concerns. Ms. Miller also understands that the cost of the benefits may be minimal, just need to research the cost of adding domestic partnership benefits to the existing plan. Ms. Miller is also concerned to how the public will perceive the company unless the concerns of benefits being offered to those in a domestic partnership are resolved. Key Problems Primarily, the budget is already strained due to the comprehensive benefits package we currently offer our employees. We must carefully weigh the cost of providing benefits to those in a domestic partnership, not only for our current employees, but potential new hires as well. If we are to make room, where can we make these adjustments? Will they be from a specific department, from employees’ pay, or perhaps we need to scale down our benefits package to make room for additional benefactors. Each option we look at has many different consequences, we may lose employees or productivity due to our lack of foresight. In addition, we must consult and potentially alter our corporate policies and if possible those of Federal and State as well. Federal law will be the most simple to circumnavigate if there is any rebuttal, but having the proper documentation will be the key to success. State law will also require the same attention. Correct wording is crucial for ensuring equal authority and proper application of power of attorney. Lastly, we need to adjust the new benefits package to match the modified policies and procedures. This includes everything from  new hire training, corporate office signage, and our own interweb support. Finally, and most complicated is the reworking our benefits package with our health service providers, and insurance companies. We need to make sure that each person is covered with the same benefits. We also need to make sure that we can lower or maintain our current deductible with the increase in the number of patients being seen, and consequent incidents being filed. This process can take be lengthy at times and will be battled on two fronts. First is the unhappy employees without benefits, and the other is insurance companies fighting to make themselves greater profits. Solutions Providing domestic partner benefits will give the company a competitive edge, improve employee morale, and create an equal business environment, with minimal additional cost to the company’s already strained budget. According to the Fickewirth Benefits Advisors (2012), website the majority of the nation’s largest companies provide benefits to the domestic partners of their employees. This trend is increasing in order to retain and attract talented employees. A domestic partner benefit plan can yield to employee’s satisfaction and, therefore, produce a greater willingness to stay and recommend the company to others. This can be of great advantage because it can improve employee productivity. Employees will also feel that they have a safety net for their families thereby allowing them to better focus on work. Employers have raised the arguments about high cost, but despite such perception the overall cost of adding these benefits is quite low. In the end, implementing the new domestic partner plan will help this corporation to thrive. Solutions are listed as follows: Implementing a new domestic partner benefits plan for all employees Current employees are looking elsewhere since they have no access to domestic benefits. The way to rectify this problem is to implement domestic partner benefits plan. Before implementing this plan, Human Resource Director Keri Miller needs to have a private meeting with all managers involved in this matter along with a financial advisor. With everyone present, these topics can be thoroughly discussed and changed as needed, such as federal, state, and corporate policies or the application of a reasonable savings plan. Some existing benefits can be cut, but in the end the financial advisor will try to use the proper solutions to make sure the company is not affected in a negative  manner that can hurt the morale of employees, the company’s profit or production. An expert on the health benefits package needs to be also present in order to obtain the right guidance on how to rework the benefits plan with all health service providers and insurance companies. Executing things in this manner will ensure that the business can safely implement the new plan and be sure that it can afford to extend benefits to domestic partners. Once all issues are addressed and the plan is given approval, a meeting should be held to inform all employees. The companywide meeting will be arranged to discuss this issue with employees who have domestic partners and are interested in the plan. The Human Resources Director should direct the meeting along with other assistant managers that can assist employees after the meeting has ended. During this meeting, the new plan can be addressed and encouraging words used to assure employees that the company cares about them and their needs. It demonstrates that the company values equality among their employees. After the discussion, the manager can have a space of time for questions and answers. This encourages good communication between employees and managers. The assistant managers can have a few tables set up at the back of the room so that when the meeting has concluded employees that have more in depth questions or issues they can discuss them privately. Employees can obtain further guidance in the subject if needed and also have the opportunity to update and complete paperwork needed for enrollment in the new domestic partner benefits plan. As employees are exiting managers can hand out new surveys regarding the new benefits and turn them in the following day. This survey will ensure that the company has proper feedback from employees that state how satisfied they are with the changes being made to the benefits package. Modifications can then be made accordingly if needed, to ensure that employees are fully satisfied in this matter and all other areas as well. Having good communicatio n and treating everyone well will make certain that there is a positive work environment in the business and thus improving it greatly. Send letters to former employees informing them of new plan Following the implementation of the new domestic partner benefits plan, past employees who resigned due to this subject should also be informed and properly contacted. Letters can be sent to former employees notifying them  of the newly offered domestic partner benefits and extend an invitation for them to return to the company. Promote the recently implemented Domestic Partners Benefits Plan Publicize to all outside sources that a domestic partner benefit plan has been implemented. This includes updating the company’s website and other sources that promote employment for MCJAR Inc. The quick and timely release of this exciting information regarding the renovation of our company offered benefits may inspire many potential new hires to apply for employment opportunities and decrease the amount of current vacancies. As a result from all these changes, the company’s productivity and success will increase as a whole. Recommendations As a condition of employment, most employers require their employees to register for company provided benefits. It is recommended that MCJAR, Inc. develop a list of set criteria that would define an eligible domestic partnership. Common criteria used by many employers today are that the couple must live and maintain a home together for a minimum of six months and can provide proof. Next, financial interdependency must also be proved. They both must be at least 18 years of age and not legally married to anyone. MCJAR, Inc. has the leisure of choosing their own criteria and should do so as soon as possible. Offering domestic partner benefits will help MCJAR, Inc. reflect diversity as a company. It will also help recruit and retain employees, and boost employee satisfaction with very little additional cost. References Advisors, F. B. (2014). Fickewirth Benefits Advisors. Retrieved from Fickewirth Benefits Advisors: http://www.fickewirth.com/ask-an-expert.php?ask Astray-Caneda, E. E. (2011, Volume 40, No. 2). Offering Same-Sex Domestic Partner Benefits to Government Employees: Reasons, Examples, and Methods. Public Personnel Management, 89-97. Bevins, F. &. (2013, January). Making time management the organization’s priority. McKinsey Quarterly. Retrieved from Insights and Publications: http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/organization/making_time_management_the_organizations_priority hrc.org. (2014, May 12). Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from hrc.org: http://www.hrc.org/ James Schaefer, M. (2009, Volume 12, Issue

Porter’s Diamond Model For China

The assembly industry uses the advance factors to take the advantage over the other countries. This is because they have more educated workforce, this will help them to do their work at more sophisticated way with better technological improvements, and mainly at cheaper cost which is the biggest advantage for assembly industry till now. Government investment in advance factors has also provided the industry with many educated workers, as result benefitting the assembly industry as a whole.If the domestic demand rises this will overall put the pressure on the assembly industry to come up with new designs and more innovative technologies to take the assembly industry to new level. As a result other companies like Nokia, Sony, HP who were already related with the china assembly industry they will be impressed with this new improvements, thus attracting other company’s also towards the China assembly industry.Because of these vast improvements of the assembly industry many domesti c firms are now encouraged to invest more creating more advance factors, so that it helps the industry to become more successful. This as a result creates a competitive advantage for the industry. Thus giving rise to more competition, and improving the product or services more. Different countries have different management ideologies.As it is an assembly industry more technologically related managers are needed to manage the industry like engineers should be there at the top level so that they will understand the best which machines to use, or which is more updated so that they can run the industry more well. Overall this will keep the industry in pace with others, hence they will be able to provide better services, attracting more foreign companies, and will also be able to hold their position at the peak. Porter’s Diamond Model For China The assembly industry uses the advance factors to take the advantage over the other countries. This is because they have more educated workforce, this will help them to do their work at more sophisticated way with better technological improvements, and mainly at cheaper cost which is the biggest advantage for assembly industry till now. Government investment in advance factors has also provided the industry with many educated workers, as result benefitting the assembly industry as a whole.If the domestic demand rises this will overall put the pressure on the assembly industry to come up with new designs and more innovative technologies to take the assembly industry to new level. As a result other companies like Nokia, Sony, HP who were already related with the china assembly industry they will be impressed with this new improvements, thus attracting other company’s also towards the China assembly industry.Because of these vast improvements of the assembly industry many domesti c firms are now encouraged to invest more creating more advance factors, so that it helps the industry to become more successful. This as a result creates a competitive advantage for the industry. Thus giving rise to more competition, and improving the product or services more. Different countries have different management ideologies.As it is an assembly industry more technologically related managers are needed to manage the industry like engineers should be there at the top level so that they will understand the best which machines to use, or which is more updated so that they can run the industry more well. Overall this will keep the industry in pace with others, hence they will be able to provide better services, attracting more foreign companies, and will also be able to hold their position at the peak.

THE ROBBER BARONS OF THE 19TH CENTURY Essays - Gilded Age

THE ROBBER BARONS OF THE 19TH CENTURY Essays - Gilded Age THE ROBBER BARONS OF THE 19TH CENTURY Cornelius Vanderbuilt... ... an ill educated, ungrammatical, coarse, and ruthless, but clear-visioned man. He started his millions in the steamboat industry. As a young boy he went to work for a small steamboat owner, Thomas Gibbons. After learning how to operate a steamboat, he designed one and persuaded Gibbons to build it. Vanderbuilt's slogans of low prices for superior rates attracted many customers. But an unknown to the passengers was that the food and drink on the boat was extravagantly overpriced. Later Vanderbuilt saw that real money was in the railroad business. He established a shipping-land transit across Nicaragua, in response to the California gold rush. In 1873 he was the first to connect New York and Chicago by rail. During all the money making, farmers were feeling the rear end of it all. Hit hard by the depression of the 1870s, they protested against "railroad bankruptcy". The government then stepped in and tried to control the railroad monopolies. By winning the Wabash case, it proclaimed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. Congress took it further by establishing the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887. It prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul then a long one over the same line. Andrew Carnegie... ... was known as the steel king. He was a gifted organizer and administrator. After achieving partnership in the "Pittsburgh millionaires", he further his wealth by devising the "vertical integration", which eliminated middleman fees. Carnegie integrated every phase of his steel-making operations; they were his miners at the Mesabi Range, they were his ships carrying the goods across the Great Lakes, his railroads that delivered to Pittsburgh, and his men who sold it; from mining to marketing, he was in charge of it all. Through this he could improve the efficiency by making supplies more reliable, control the quality of the product at all stages, and eliminating middleman fees and beat out his competitors who had to pay middleman fees. He could deign any price on his steel. The government did not do much to stop Carnegie. But a hindrance in Carnegie's fortune building was the homestead strike. After Carnegie had bought the new steel industry, the people went on strike. Not wanting to deal with the strikers, he waited them out and hired scabs in the mean time. J. Pierpont Morgan... ... a very wealthy man, was a banker's banker. He had devised a way of eliminating competition called "interlocking directories". During the depression of 1890s, many bleeding business men were driven into Morgan's wealthy arms. His prescribed remedy for them was to consolidate their rival enterprises and to ensure future harmony, he placed his own officers of his banking syndicate on their various boards of directors. By owning shares from eclectic companies, he increased his wealth. Later he bought out Carnegie and his steel company. The by adding other companies to join his empire, his wealth increased even more. He was also in control of six major railroad lines as well as the steel corporation. Being of very wealthy descendants, he had plenty of gold in times when even the government was in need. He lent many businessmen money as well as the government, so the government, being in debt to Morgan, could do little to stop him. But then in 1933, the Banking Act was established. Although J.P. Morgan was out of the picture by then, this act effected his company by splitting the company in half. Some partners and workers left but the company still managed to keep intact and continued their success. John D. Rockefeller... ... was an oil baron. He was the owner of the Standard Oil Company. His monopolizing strategy was the "horizontal integration", consolidating with competitors to monopolize a given market. To control bothersome rivals, he created the "trust", the Standard Oil Trust. A board of trustees was set up and the company's properties were placed in its hands. Then every week each stockholder received their share of the profits. This allowed the Standard Oil to function as a monopoly since the board of Trustees ran all

birth rates Essays

birth rates Essays birth rates Essay birth rates Essay As the birth rates in recent years have been declined rapidly, the social issues that associate with older peoples social care come in quick succession. It is important to find out the way in solving these severe problems instead of ignoring. Therefore, this essay would analyze the approaches that different countries used and obtain the most sustainable way in order to achieve the social balance. Before comparing the elderlies social care approaches in different countries, providing the backgrounds of different countries are essential in analyzing which country has the best and the most sustainable approach. The information of the background must be included the proportion of senior citizen in these countries, the requirement of social care from the older people, and also the budget that the government invested in those services. In general, the situation of UK has no different from other countries. The proportion of older people in the I-JK society is increasing as there are more people becoming older. According to a report of population in I-JK, in 2010, there were about 640 thousands people turned 65 and in 2012, it is fgured out that there were about 800 thousands people turned 65. Later life in the United Kingdom, 2013) There is a 25% increase in the number of people turned 65 between these two years. Then, the total number of the elders aged 65 or above in UK is 10. 3 million, which is 16% of the total population in I-JK (63. 76 million populations). In this essay, Japan is chosen as the comparing group with the United Kingdom. Today, the population in Japan is about 126 millions, which is one of the larger population countries in the world. The country also experienced a losing population in recent years because of decreasing birth rates and no net immigration from other oreign countries. Japan also faces the ageing problem due to a huge increase in the amount of elderly. Refer to the statistic of population of Japan in 2010, there was 22. 6% of total population being aged 65 or above, which means there are nearly 29 million people aged 65 or above. This shows that Japan faced a serious ageing problem. For the elderlys need, older people are in the majority using health and social care services in the I-JK. Older people visit their General practitioners more frequently compared to younger adults, besides, they are the main users of both outpatient and npatient hospital services (ONS 2002). Also, about 33% of all I-JK hospital admissions and about 66% of the hospital beds are used by people who aged 65 years or above (DH 2000). In the period of 1972 and 2001, the number of old people who visited an emergency department is sharply increased from about 12% to 26%, which is more than doubled. This shows that the demand of elderly health service is rapidly increasing. Moreover, there was 43% of all NHS spent on hospital and community health services (HCHS) distributed to people aged 65 years and above in 2003 2004. expenditure. However, two-thirds of NHS clients who are aged 65 or above claimed that they only receive two-fifths of the total expenditure. Some of them said that it is difficult to have a surgery or get into a local hospital. And 64% of old people think that the health and care staffs do not treat them with respect for their dignity. That means there is a big difference between the society and the old people and the welfare system in UK is not good and fair to the elderly. The country containing with the most senior citizens in the world is Japan. It has the worlds highest proportion of senior citizen. Also has the largest number of centenarians. It can be seen as the consequence of the Japans tradition. Older people in Japan are lived with their family and with strong family care in general. And the children and other family members would take the responsibility of taking care the dependent older genitor in enlarged family living orders. They think that they have to respect to the old people because their contribution in the young age. However, there are some characteristics in reality extended family care. For instance, disturbing disregard and abuse of vulnerable senior people. Also left their senior parents with no medical need in hospitals in order to abandon them. Therefore, the Japan government had made a social care policy innovation. It loosens the restrictions of the range of service transmission past traditional family convention. But it is not helpful in solving both care-giving hell and social hospitalisation. In 20 century, in order to maintain the independent health and social care systems, the means-tested measures are under close surveillance. Based on the reform, Long- Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program was stocked with the taxation and insurance remiums paid by citizens aged over 39 since 2000. It offers an extensive range of care service transmissions beyond traditional family convention. Also, it developed an inter-help system of regional people under a time-banking system. Volunteers earn time credits for looking after for senior people in their social network. After discussing the situation in the I-JK and Japan, we will compare the effectiveness and the sustainability of the social care scheme in these two countries. It seems that the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) scheme in Japan secure better living style of the elderly. This scheme is not only supported by taxation, but also the insurance premiums paid by citizens who aged above 40. This can reduce the tax burden of the general public (especially for the younger generation) in elderly health services. Moreover, it can ensure the elder people could receive a good medical treatment when after they retired as they are required to pay a fixed amount of premiums after aged of 40. Therefore, in terms of sustainability, the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program in Japan is the most sustainable in the future. On the other hand, the National Health Service (NHS) in UK is responsible for the free ealth care to the citizen. Huge amount of fund is needed as this scheme is fully supported by the government (tax-payers). In terms of sustainability, there are two disadvantages in this scheme. First of all, it shifts the financial burden of elderly health services to the government and the tax-payers. This increases the tax burden employments and birth rate. This is not good to the society in the long run as it is not sustainable. Secondly, with a rapidly increase elderly, the supply of elderly medical services may insufficient to satisfy all the needs of the elderly. The elderly may need o queue for a long time in order to receive a medical treatment or surgery. They may not able to enjoy medical treatment immediately when they are in need. As a result, the I-JK scheme is not sustainable in the future as it requires a large amount of fund to support this scheme. After the comparison between the UKs approach and the Japans approach, we may find out that the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program in Japan is likely to be most sustainable in the future. Although Japan has the worlds highest proportion of senior citizens and the largest number of centenarians, it has a complete social ealth care scheme which supports the health care of the elderly after they retired. Therefore, social health care is not a big financial burden for the Japan government due to the aid of the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program. Although the UK also faced the similar problem in social health care, the situation in the I-JK is much more worsen than the situation in Japan even it has smaller proportion of older people when compare to Japan. This is mainly due to the failure of the National Health Service (NHS) which makes the I-JK suffers from a severe situation on social care of lderly. The high operation cost has reduced the sustainability of this scheme as it shift and increase the tax burden to the younger generation. Therefore, it seems that the UK government should follow the approach of Japan, which is the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) program, in order to have a sustainable social health care scheme. According to the estimation, the number of people in the UK who aged over 65 years will be rose by about 400 thousands in the next three years, especially the number of people aged over 85. (Wise, J. , 2008). If we follow the ld National Health Service (NHS) scheme, the financial burden of the government and the tax-payers will significantly increase, which is not good in terms of sustainability. As a result, the I-JK government should learn from the Japan government and change the social health care system into a scheme which is supported by taxation and insurance premiums. In conclusion, if the I-JK government combined the social health care system with taxation and insurance premiums, the financial burden of the government could be reduced and huge benefits would be gained by the society.